Wetland Management

Wetlands originally covered approximately 60% of the state’s land, but over time, wetlands have been reduced by urban development to less than half of that amount. Human activities are arguably the greatest threat to wetlands due to the draining of these lands for agriculture or development. Historically, wetlands were considered wastelands and were drained and cleared of vegetation without a second thought to make way for homes, roads, and shopping centers. 

Loss of wetlands habitat not only affects animals and plants, but it also diminishes the water supply for the human population, since wetlands hold, filter, and slowly release immense amounts of rainwater into the aquifers that serve as central and south Florida’s only source of freshwater.

Like all ecosystems, the survival of the plants and animal species that live in wetlands depend on a delicately balanced environment. When non-native species are brought in, either on purpose or accidentally, it can unbalance the existing system. Invasive species compete with native species for limited resources. When native species start to die off as a result of competition with an invasive species, the food chain of the ecosystem is disrupted.

For example, some wetlands are being overrun by water hyacinth. This plant is held in check in its native environment, but in North American habitats, it spreads at an alarming rate. Similarly, Burmese pythons were brought into the country as pets and released into local wetlands where they grow too big to be sufficiently supported by their environment. These large snakes thrive in wetlands like the Everglades and threaten the survival of endangered species.

Wetlands work as natural water filtration units. Polluted water washes into the wetlands and is purified as it flows through and out of the wetlands. The pollutants either settle to the bottom of the wetlands or are used by the plants growing in these habitats. But if the concentration of pollutants reaches and then crosses the saturation level, and toxic contaminants continue entering the wetlands, the plants and animals struggle to survive.

In addition, wetlands are often used as dumping grounds for industrial and household waste and sewage. High pollution rates in wetlands kill off fish, wildlife, and plants, destroying the habitat.

Like other ecosystems and habitats, wetlands are also affected by alterations to the environment caused by climate change. Sea-level rise caused by warming temperature is submerging or drowning wetlands, while extreme weather such as drought is drying them out. Higher water levels and lower water levels are caused by the various effects of climate change.

The construction of dams that alter the natural flow of a river also has a huge impact on the environment where it is built. Altering the flow of a river disturbs the ecosystems that depend on that river. Wetlands like swamps or marshes suffer from a higher or lower flow of water when a dam is built. Dams can permanently damage wetland ecosystems.

Florida is known for its magnificent wetlands, but that doesn’t mean they will be around forever. Through urban development, invasive species introduction, pollution, and other factors, humans have expedited the deterioration of wetland areas. We should each play an active role in the protection of these unique aquatic ecosystems so that we can enjoy, admire, and benefit from them for as long as possible.